Ukubuka: 12 Umbhali: Isikhathi Sokushicilela Isihleli Sesayithi: 2024-04-30 Umsuka: Isayithi
I-Potassium permanganate (KMnO4), njenge-oxidant enamandla, idlala indima ebalulekile emkhakheni wokuhlanza imvelo. Ayikwazi ukususa kuphela ukungcola okuphilayo emanzini, ukunciphisa isidingo se-oksijini ye-biochemical (BOD), kodwa futhi ibulale amabhaktheriya, amagciwane, namanye ama-microorganisms emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela ihlanze izinga lamanzi futhi iqinisekise ukuphepha nokuhlanzeka kwemithombo yamanzi.
Ngesikhathi sokwelashwa kwamanzi, i-potassium permanganate iphazamisa ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation, iyenze ibole kalula ngezinqubo ezilandelayo zokwelashwa kwebhayoloji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umkhiqizo wokunciphisa we-potassium permanganate, i-manganese dioxide (i-MnO2), ayincibiliki futhi ingahlukaniswa namanzi angcolile ngokusebenzisa izindlela ezibonakalayo ukuze kuqhutshekwe nokuhlanza ikhwalithi yamanzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-potanganum permanganate akugcini nje ekuhlanzeni amanzi, kuphinde kubambe iqhaza ekubulaleni amagciwane enhlabathini, ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo, kanye nezinye izici. Emhlabathini wokubulala amagciwane, i-potanganum permanganate ingabulala amagciwane kanye nezinambuzane enhlabathini, inciphise ukuvela kwezifo zezitshalo. Ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni izifo zezolimo, i-potassium permanganate isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela izifo ezihlukahlukene zezitshalo nokuqinisekisa ukukhula okunempilo kwezitshalo.
Ngokuqwashisa okwandayo kokuvikelwa kwemvelo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe, ukusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate ekuhlanzeni imvelo kungase kwandiswe nakakhulu. Ngokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nokwenza kahle, ukusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate kuzoba yimpumelelo, kuphephe, futhi kuhambisane nemvelo, kube negalelo elikhulu ekuvikeleni imvelo nempilo yabantu.
I-potassium permanganate. Ivamise ukubonakala njengokunsomi okumnyama, amakristalu amaprismatic azacile noma izinhlayiya, anokubengezela kwensimbi. Isisindo samangqamuzana e-potassium permanganate singu-158.03400, nokuminyana okungaba ngu-1.01g/mL (ku-25 ° C) nendawo yokuncibilika engu-240 ° C. Ku-20 ° C, ukunyibilika kwamanzi kwe-potassium permanganate ngu-6.38g/100mL, futhi iyancibilika kancane, i-alnokaline. i-acetone ne-sulfuric acid.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu se-potanganum permanganate yikhono layo eliqinile le-oxidizing. Njenge-oxidant enamandla, i-potassium permanganate ingakwazi ukukhipha izinto eziningi ze-inorganic kanye ne-organic. Kumithombo ye-acidic, ibola kancane ibe yi-manganese dioxide (MnO2), usawoti we-potassium, nomoya-mpilo, futhi ukukhanya kuba nomthelela kulokhu kubola, ngakho ngokuvamile kugcinwa emabhodleleni ansundu ukuvimbela ukubola okubangelwa ukukhanya. Izakhiwo ze-oxidizing ze-potassium permanganate ziyenza isetshenziswe kabanzi njenge-oxidant kuma-laboratories nasezimbonini, njengaku-organic synthesis ukuze i-oxidize izinhlanganisela ezifana no-alcohol, aldehydes, ketones, njll. Ekwelapheni kwamanzi namanzi angcolile, i-potassium permanganate isetshenziselwa oxidize ukungcola okuhlukahlukene njenge-hydrogen sulfide, i-iron sulfide, i-organic sulfide, i-organic sulfide, i-organic sulfide, i-iron, i-manganese, i-organic phenols, i-manganese, i-organic phenols, i-manganese, i-phenols, i-iron, i-iron sulfide iphunga kanye decolorization. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium permanganate nayo inemiphumela ebulala amagciwane, eqeda iphunga, nekhipha ubuthi, evame ukusetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane nokuhlanza amanxeba. Lapho usebenzisa, ukugxila kanye nobude be-potanganum permanganate kufanele kulawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kugwenywe ukulimala okungaba khona empilweni yomuntu kanye nemvelo.
I-Potassium permanganate, njenge-oxidant enamandla, ingasabela ngezinto ezihlukahlukene eziphilayo, ibhubhise ukwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyelele umgomo wokukhipha ukungcola. Ngaphakathi kwebanga le-pH elivamile lokwelashwa kwamanzi, i-potassium permanganate inamandla anamandla okukhipha i-oxidation ekungcoleni kwemvelo. Umkhiqizo wawo wokunciphisa awuncibiliki futhi unobungani bemvelo i-manganese dioxide (MnO2), okulula ukuyihlukanisa nesixazululo. Ingase futhi isuswe ngokuhlanganyela ekungcoleni nge-adsorption, i-oxidation, nosizo lwe-coagulation nge-potassium permanganate. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium permanganate pre oxidation inganciphisa ngempumelelo ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo yokubulala amagciwane emanzini angcolile, njenge-trihalomethane ne-haloacetic acid.
I-Potassium permanganate nayo ijwayele ukusetshenziselwa ukuvala inzalo nokubulala amagciwane ekwelashweni kwamanzi. Ingabulala ngokuphumelelayo amagciwane ahlukahlukene anjengamagciwane, amagciwane, isikhunta, nolwelwe, inciphise ukungcoliswa kwamagciwane emanzini, futhi ivimbele ukusakazeka kwezifo. Umphumela we-bactericidal we-potassium permanganate unamandla kune-hydrogen peroxide, futhi umphumela wawo uhlala isikhathi eside. Emsebenzini wezokwelapha, i-potassium permanganate ingasetshenziswa ukuhlanza amanxeba, izilonda, noma amathumba, kanye nokwelapha i-eczema kanye nezifo zesikhumba ezinzima njengezingubo ezimanzi noma ezixutshwe nesisombululo esithile sokuhlushwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium permanganate ingasetshenziswa futhi ukubulala amagciwane emanzini okuphuza namanzi angcolile, ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yamanzi, nokuqinisekisa impilo nokuphepha komphakathi.
I-Potassium permanganate, ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo ezinamandla ze-oxidizing, ingasetshenziswa ukususa amagesi athile ayingozi emoyeni. Isibonelo, ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo sezihlungi zekhabhoni kuzihlanzi zomoya ukuze kwandiswe ububanzi bamagesi angasuswa. Ikhabhoni ecushiwe ingasusa ngempumelelo i-benzene, i-formaldehyde, nezinye izinhlanganisela zezinto eziphilayo ezishintshashintshayo, kodwa ukusebenza kahle kwayo ekukhipheni amagesi akhiwe ama-sulfide kuphansi kakhulu. Ezimweni lapho ama-sulfide noma iphunga elingabekezeleleki, i-potassium permanganate ingafakwa ku-activated carbon. I-Potassium permanganate ingasetshenziswa futhi ukumunca amagesi ayingozi afana nomhwamuko we-mercury.
Indima yezitshalo ekuhlanzeni umoya ibonakala ikakhulukazi ekwehliseni ukugxila kwezinhlayiyana kanye nokuhlanza umoya ngokugcina, ukunamathisela, nokunamathela, okwaziwa nangokuthi ukubekwa okomile. Ucwaningo selukhombisile ukuthi uhlaza lungakhuphula ukuhwalala komhlaba, lunciphise isivinini somoya, lwandise umswakama ongaphezulu, futhi ngaleyo ndlela lwandise izinga lokucwiliswa kwezinhlayiya zomoya. Ukwengeza, ukuthunjwa nokufakwa kwezinto ezingcolisa umoya yizitshalo kunganciphisa ngempumelelo ukugcwala kwezinhlayiyana endaweni ezungezile, okubaluleke kakhulu ekuvimbeleni nasekulawuleni ukungcoliswa komoya emadolobheni, ukuhlelwa kwesifunda kwendawo eluhlaza, kanye nentuthuko eqhubekayo.
I-Potassium permanganate ingathuthukisa i-organic matter enhlabathini futhi ikhuthaze ukwenziwa kahle kwesakhiwo senhlabathi ngokusebenzisa umphumela wayo we-oxidation. Emhlabathini, i-potassium permanganate ingasabela ne-organic matter ukuze yakhe inhlanganisela ezinzile, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise ukuvunda komhlabathi kanye nokungena kwamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-potassium permanganate ingabuye ikhuthaze umsebenzi wama-microorganisms enhlabathini, ithuthukise ikhwalithi yenhlabathi.
I-Potassium permanganate nayo ikhombisa amandla ekususeni ukungcola kwensimbi esindayo enhlabathini. Ingaguqula izinsimbi ezisindayo zibe amafomu angancibiliki noma ezinobuthi obuphansi ngokusabela kwe-redox, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise i-bioavailability kanye nokufuduka kwezinsimbi ezisindayo. Isibonelo, i-potassium permanganate ingasabela ngama-ion ensimbi esindayo afana nomthofu ne-cadmium emhlabathini, ikhiqize i-insoluble oxide noma i-hydroxide precipitates, ngaleyo ndlela yehlise ukutholakala kwe-bioavailability yalezi zinsimbi ezinzima.
Inkinga ekhethiwe: I-Potassium permanganate ibonisa ukukhetha kokungcoliswa kwemvelo phakathi nenqubo ye-oxidation, ikakhulukazi kuma-organic compounds aqukethe amaqembu acebile ama-electron afana nama-phenols, ama-double bond, namaqembu e-aniline. Lokhu kusho ukuthi kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezinganawo la maqembu asebenzayo, ukususwa kwe-potassium permanganate kungase kungabi phezulu.
Ukuncika ku-PH: Amandla okukhipha i-potassium permanganate athintwa kakhulu i-pH, futhi umphumela wawo wokukhipha i-oxidation ungcono ngaphansi kwezimo ezine-asidi. Ngakho-ke, ngaphansi kwezimo ezingathathi hlangothi noma ezine-alkali, kungase kudingeke ukuthi ulungise inani le-pH noma uthole ezinye izindlela ezisizayo ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwayo kwe-oxidation.
Ingozi yokungcoliswa kwesibili: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate kungase kuholele ekukhishweni kwama-ion we-manganese, okungase kubangele izinkinga zokungcoliswa kwesibili lapho kungena endaweni ezungezile.
Ukulawulwa komthamo we-oxidant: Ukuze kuzuzwe umphumela odingwa yi-oxidation, kuyadingeka ukulawula ngokunembile umthamo we-potanganum permanganate. Ukusebenzisa ngokweqile kungaholela ekumoshweni kwezinsiza kanye nobungozi bemvelo.
Izici ezinamandla ze-oxidizing: I-Potassium permanganate iyi-oxidant enamandla engasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola kwemvelo emanzini futhi inciphise isidingo somoya-mpilo wamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo (BOD), idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanzeni amanzi kanye namanzi angcolile.
Ivumelana nemvelo: Umkhiqizo wokunciphisa we-potassium permanganate awuncibiliki futhi unobungani bemvelo i-manganese dioxide (MnO2), okulula ukuwuhlukanisa nesixazululo futhi unciphisa ubunzima bokwelashwa okulandelayo.
Ukuvala inzalo kanye nomphumela wokubulala amagciwane: I-Potassium permanganate inemiphumela yokubulala amagciwane, eqeda iphunga, nekhipha ubuthi, enamandla futhi ehlala isikhathi eside kunemiphumela elwa namagciwane neqeda iphunga yesixazululo se-hydrogen peroxide. Ingasetshenziselwa ukubulala amagciwane amanzi okuphuza kanye namanzi angcolile.
Inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe: Ngobuchwepheshe be-catalytic noma ngokuhlanganiswa nezinye izinqubo, ukusebenza kahle kwe-oxidation kwe-potassium permanganate kungathuthukiswa, njengokusebenzisa i-transition metal catalysis, ukuqiniswa kwe-ejenti eyinkimbinkimbi, kanye nokulandelela i-humic acid catalysis. Ukuthuthukiswa kwalobu buchwepheshe kunikeza amathuba amaningi okusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate.
Amandla okulungisa umhlabathi: Ukufakwa kwe-potassium permanganate ekulungiseni inhlabathi kubonise amandla ako, njengokusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe bokulungisa obuthuthukisiwe bogesi be-oxidation, obungathuthukisa ngempumelelo ukususwa kwe-chromium enhlabathini engcolile ye-chromium.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko: Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-oxidants, i-potassium permanganate inezinzuzo zokusebenzisa kalula kanye nenani eliphansi, okwenza ingabizi kakhulu ekuhlanzeni imvelo.
Emkhakheni wokuhlanza amanzi angcolile ezimbonini, i-potassium permanganate isetshenziswa kakhulu ekususeni ukungcola kwe-organic, ukungcola kwe-inorganic, kanye nokungcola kwe-ionic emanzini angcolile ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo eziqinile ze-oxidizing. Isibonelo, amanzi angcolile okuwashwa ane-asidi kanye nokuhlanza aphuma esitshalweni esithile se-electroplating aqukethe ama-ion ensimbi esindayo eqile njengensimbi, i-chromium, ne-manganese. Ngokusebenzisa i-potassium permanganate njenge-oxidant futhi ihlanganiswe nendlela yokuhlunga ye-oxidation-reduction catalytic contact, la manzi angcolile alashwe ngempumelelo. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele zenqubo, ukugcwala okukhulu kwe-potassium permanganate okungezwe ngu-10mg/L, ukusabela kwe-pH ngu-8, izinga lokuhluzwa ngu-5m/h, futhi amazinga okususwa kwengqikithi ye-chromium, i-manganese, i-iron iyonke, kanye ne-turbidity konke kufinyelela ngaphezu kwama-99%. I-CODCr engcolile kanye ne-pH ihlangabezana namazinga kazwelonke we-emission.
Phakathi nenqubo yokwelapha, i-oxidation ye-potassium permanganate ayikwazi nje ukucekela phansi ukwakheka kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ithuthukise ukubola kwayo, kodwa futhi ifake ngokomzimba i-manganese dioxide ekhiqizwayo (MnO2) ukuze iqhubeke nokususa ukungcola okusele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubuchwepheshe be-potassium permanganate pre oxidation buye basetshenziselwa ukwelapha amanzi amancane angcolile. Isibonelo, esimweni sokwelashwa kwamanzi e-Dongjiang, ukuhlangana okuthuthukisiwe kwe-pre oxidation kwathuthukisa ngempumelelo izinga lokususwa kwe-TOC ne-CODMn, futhi izinga lokususwa kwenani eliphelele lamabhaktheriya liphinde ladlula ama-92.11%. Lezi zimo zibonisa umphumela osebenzayo wokusetshenziswa kanye namandla e-potassium permanganate ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile ezimbonini.
Emkhakheni wokuhlanza umoya, izihlanzi zomoya eziqukethe i-potassium permanganate oxidants zisetshenziselwa ukususa izinto ezingcolisayo eziphilayo (VOCs) ezifana ne-formaldehyde emoyeni wasendlini. Ngokulayisha i-potassium permanganate ezithwalweni ezihlukene, njenge-alumina ecushiwe, izisefo zamamolekyuli, noma i-perlite enwetshiwe, ukusebenza kahle kokususa kwe-formaldehyde kungathuthukiswa. Isibonelo, ocwaningweni, i-potassium permanganate ibe nomthelela omuhle kakhulu ekwenziweni kwe-formaldehyde oxidizing ngokusebenzisa i-alumina ecushiwe njengesiphathi, futhi ukukhishwa okunqwabelanayo kwe-formaldehyde kufinyelele ku-42% yenani lethiyori.
Ekwakheni izihlanzi zomoya, amashubhu namapuleti aphendulayo asetshenziswa ukuze kuhlolwe ukusebenza kahle kokukhipha i-potassium permanganate oxidants ezithwalini ezihlukene. Imiphumela yokuhlola ibonisa ukuthi uma i-alumina ecushiwe isetshenziswa njengesiphathi, ukusebenza kwe-oxidant kuphezulu, futhi izinga lokuphasa ngesikhathi esisodwa se-formaldehyde liphakathi kuka-21.88% no-69.33% ngesilinganiso sokugeleza komoya esingu-300m/h. Uma inani le-oxidant lingu-1.25kg, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza kwe-reactor ye-tubular kungaphakathi kwebanga elifanelekayo, kuyilapho inani le-oxidant lingaphezu kuka-2.5kg, ukusebenza kahle kokuhlanza kufinyelela ezingeni eliphezulu lokusebenza kahle. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuguqulwa kwe-tungsten δ- Ukulungiswa kwe-MnO2 futhi kukhombisa amandla ayo okusetshenziswa ekuhlanzeni umoya, ikakhulukazi ekuboleni okuyi-catalytic kwe-formaldehyde. Ukuguqulwa kwe-Tungsten ngemva kokwelashwa kokushisa okungu-200 ℃ δ- MnO2 kubonisa umsebenzi omuhle kakhulu we-catalytic nokuzinza.
I-Potassium permanganate, njenge-oxidant enamandla, inenani elibalulekile emkhakheni wokuhlanza imvelo. Ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekuhlanzeni amanzi angcolile ezimbonini nasekuhlanzeni umoya kuye kwaqinisekiswa kabanzi futhi kwaqashelwa. Ekwelashweni kwamanzi angcolile, i-potassium permanganate ingasusa ngempumelelo ukungcola kwezinto eziphilayo nezinsimbi ezisindayo, ithuthukise kakhulu ikhwalithi yamanzi ngokusebenzisa i-oxidation ne-adsorption, futhi iyenze ihlangabezane nezindinganiso zokukhishwa. Mayelana nokuhlanzwa komoya, i-potassium permanganate isetshenziswa ezihlanzini zomoya ukuze isuse ngempumelelo i-formaldehyde yasendlini nezinye izinto ezingcolisa umoya zemvelo, kuthuthukiswe izinga lomoya wasendlini.
Ekuthuthukisweni okuzayo, ukusetshenziswa kwe-potanganum permanganate kungase kunwetshwe. Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kuzoqhubeza ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle nokuphepha ekusetshenzisweni kwe-potassium permanganate, njengokwenza amafomula amasha noma izinqubo zokunciphisa umthelela wazo endaweni ezungezile noma ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwayo ezintweni ezithile. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuqiniswa kwemithetho yezemvelo kungase kukhuthaze ukulawulwa okuqinile komthelela kwezemvelo ngesikhathi kusetshenziswa i-potassium permanganate, kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwezinye izindlela ezingezona imvelo noma kuthuthukiswe izinqubo ezikhona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngesidingo esikhulayo semikhiqizo yokubulala amagciwane, ukusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate empilweni yomphakathi kanye nokuvimbela izifo kuzoqhubeka nokunakwa. Ngokuqhubeka nokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe kanye nokuthobela imithetho, ukusetshenziswa kwe-potassium permanganate kuzoba yimpumelelo, kuphephe, futhi kungabi nemvelo, kube negalelo elikhulu ekuvikelweni kwemvelo nempilo yabantu.
