Iyini ukusetshenziswa kwe-lipoic acid?

ethula

I-Lipoic acid iyinhlanganisela yesulfure ephilayo, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-mercaptooctanoic acid. Inemisebenzi eminingi ebalulekile yebhayoloji ezintweni eziphilayo. Nazi ezinye zezindlela eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa kwe-lipoic acid:

Ukusiza ukugoqa amaprotheni: I-Lipoic acid idlala indima ekusizeni ukugoqa kwamaprotheni kumaseli. Ukugoqa okulungile kwamaprotheni kubalulekile ekusebenzeni kwawo okusebenzayo, futhi i-lipoic acid isiza ukugcina ukwakheka kwayo okuzinzile kwezinhlangothi ezintathu ngokusabelana namaqembu e-thiol kumaprotheni.

Umphumela we-Antioxidant: I-Lipoic acid ngokwayo inezindawo ezithile zokulwa ne-antioxidant, ezingasiza ukusula ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni futhi inciphise ukulimala kwengcindezi ye-oxidative kumaseli.

Bamba iqhaza kumetabolism yamandla: I-lipoic acid ihlobene ne-coenzyme A, edlala indima ebalulekile kumetabolism yamandla. I-Lipoic acid ibamba iqhaza emsebenzini wama-enzyme athile, isiza amaseli ukuthi akhiqize ngempumelelo futhi asebenzise amandla.

Umphumela wokuqeda ubuthi: I-Lipoic acid ingasabela ngezinto ezithile ezinobuthi, izenze zikhishwe kalula emzimbeni futhi zidlale indima ethile yokukhipha ubuthi.

 

Ukuqonda ama-thiol acid

Umsebenzi wezinto eziphilayo: I-Mercaptoacids iyiqembu elisebenzayo elibalulekile ezintweni eziphilayo, ngokuvamile ezitholakala esakhiweni samaprotheni. Ingakha amabhondi e-disulfide, ibambe iqhaza ekugoqeni amaprotheni kanye nokuzinza, futhi idlale indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaprotheni.

Umthelela wokuqeda ubuthi: I-Mercaptoacids inomphumela othile wokukhipha ubuthi futhi ingahlangana nezinye izinto ezinobuthi ukuze zakhe izinhlanganisela ezizinzile, ngaleyo ndlela zehlise noma zinciphise ubuthi.

Umphumela we-Antioxidant: I-Mercaptoacids inezindawo ezithile zokulwa ne-antioxidant, ezingasiza ukusula ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni futhi inciphise umonakalo wokucindezelwa kwe-oxidative kumaseli.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezidakamizwa: I-Mercaptoacids kanye nokuphuma kwayo kunezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa, njenge-azathioprine, okuyisidakamizwa esiqukethe amaqembu e-thiol futhi esisetshenziselwa ukwelapha izifo ezifana ne-rheumatism.

 

 

Ukugxila  ku-lipoic acid: i-mercaptopropionic acid

 

Imisebenzi yebhayoloji: I-Lipoic acid idlala izindima ezibalulekile eziningi eziphilayo, enye yazo ebandakanyeka ekugoqeni amaprotheni nasekuzinzeni. Amaqembu e-Thiol asabela namanye amaqembu e-thiol noma izinsalela ze-cysteine ​​​​kumaprotheni ngokwakha amabhondi e-disulfide, okusiza ukugcina ukwakheka okufanele kwamaprotheni.

Umphumela we-Antioxidant: I-Lipoic acid ngokwayo inezindawo ezithile zokulwa ne-antioxidant, ezingasiza ukusula ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni futhi ibambezele umonakalo wokucindezelwa kwe-oxidative kumaseli.

Ucwaningo lwezidakamizwa: I-Mercaptopropionic acid nezinhlanganisela zayo ezihlobene zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa. Angasetshenziselwa ukuklama ama-molecule anemisebenzi ethile yebhayoloji, njengama-antioxidants noma iziqinisi zesakhiwo samaprotheni.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Ngenxa yokuphinda kusebenze kwamaqembu e-thiol, i-lipoic acid ingasabelana namanye ama-molecule ukuze yakhe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanganisela. Lokhu kuphinda kusebenze kwenza i-lipoic acid ibe nenani elithile lesicelo ku-organic synthesis nocwaningo lwamakhemikhali.

 

 

Izinzuzo zezempilo ze-lipoic acid

 

Imisebenzi yebhayoloji: I-Lipoic acid idlala izindima ezibalulekile eziningi eziphilayo, enye yazo ebandakanyeka ekugoqeni amaprotheni nasekuzinzeni. Amaqembu e-Thiol asabela namanye amaqembu e-thiol noma izinsalela ze-cysteine ​​​​kumaprotheni ngokwakha amabhondi e-disulfide, okusiza ukugcina ukwakheka okufanele kwamaprotheni.

Umphumela we-Antioxidant: I-Lipoic acid ngokwayo inezindawo ezithile zokulwa ne-antioxidant, ezingasiza ukusula ama-radicals mahhala emzimbeni futhi ibambezele umonakalo wokucindezelwa kwe-oxidative kumaseli.

Ucwaningo lwezidakamizwa: I-Mercaptopropionic acid nezinhlanganisela zayo ezihlobene zisetshenziswa kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwezidakamizwa. Angasetshenziselwa ukuklama ama-molecule anemisebenzi ethile yebhayoloji, njengama-antioxidants noma iziqinisi zesakhiwo samaprotheni.

Ukusabela kwamakhemikhali: Ngenxa yokuphinda kusebenze kwamaqembu e-thiol, i-lipoic acid ingasabelana namanye ama-molecule ukuze yakhe izinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanganisela. Lokhu kuphinda kusebenze kwenza i-lipoic acid ibe nenani elithile lesicelo ku-organic synthesis nocwaningo lwamakhemikhali.

 

 

I-Lipoic acid embonini yobuhle

 

Ukusebenza kwe-Antioxidant: Ngenxa yezakhiwo zayo zokulwa ne-antioxidant, i-lipoic acid isetshenziswa kweminye imikhiqizo ye-skincare ukusiza ukunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala esikhumbeni, ibambezele inqubo ye-oxidation, futhi isize ekudambiseni ukuguga kwesikhumba okubangelwa ingcindezi ye-oxidative.

Ukukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-collagen: Ukubandakanyeka kwamaqembu e-thiol ku-lipoic acid kusiza ukugcina nokukhuthaza ukukhiqizwa kwe-collagen, okuyingxenye ebalulekile yokuqina kwesikhumba nokuqina. Ngakho-ke, eminye imikhiqizo ye-skincare ingase yengeze i-lipoic acid ukuze isekele ukwakheka nokunwebeka kwesikhumba.

Yehlisa ijubane ukuguga kwesikhumba: Njengoba i-lipoic acid isiza ekugcineni ukwakheka okufanele kwamaprotheni, ngokwezinga elithile inganciphisa inqubo yokuguga kwesikhumba. Lokhu kwenza i-lipoic acid ibe yinye yezithako kweminye imikhiqizo elwa nokuguga kanye nemibimbi.

Umphumela wokuqeda ubuthi: Izakhiwo zokuqeda ubuthi be-lipoic acid zingase zibe yinzuzo esikhumbeni. Kungasiza ukuqeda umonakalo obangelwa ukungcoliswa kwemvelo noma ubuthi esikhumbeni, ukukhuthaza impilo yesikhumba.

 

 

Ukusetshenziswa kwemboni ye-lipoic acid

 

Imboni yenjoloba: I-Lipoic acid isetshenziswa kabanzi njenge-ejenti exhumanisa irabha. Ngokusabela ngezibopho eziphindwe kabili ku-raber, i-lipoic acid ingakhuthaza ukwakheka kwezakhiwo ezixhumene phakathi kwama-molecule enjoloba, ithuthukise ubulukhuni, amandla, nokunwebeka kwenjoloba, kanye nokuthuthukisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqoka nokumelana nokuguga.

Ukukhiqizwa kwezidakamizwa: Okunye okuphuma kokunye ku-lipoic acid kusetshenziswa njengezinto ezimaphakathi noma izisusa enqubweni yokukhiqiza izidakamizwa. Ukusebenza kabusha kwe-lipoic acid kuyenza ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa.

Imboni ye-Electroplating: Embonini ye-electroplating, i-lipoic acid ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokunciphisa ukubamba iqhaza kokunye ukusabela kwe-electrochemical. Kuyasiza ukwenza ifilimu yensimbi futhi isetshenziselwa ukumboza phezulu, i-electroplating, kanye nokwelashwa kokuqeda ukugqwala.

Ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhemikhali: I-Lipoic acid kanye nokuphuma kwayo kuyizinto ezibalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-organic synthesis. Angasetshenziselwa ukuhlanganisa izinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziyinkimbinkimbi, ukubamba iqhaza ekufakweni kwe-nucleophilic, ukusabela kokufuna ama-electron, nokunye ukusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Ukuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali: I-Lipoic acid isetshenziswa njenge-reagent kwezinye izindlela zokuhlaziya amakhemikhali. Ingenza ama-chelates ngezinsimbi, anezinhlelo zokusebenza ekuhlaziyeni ubukhona kanye nokuhlushwa kwama-ion ensimbi.

Ukukhiqizwa kukamanyolo: Ezinye izinto eziphuma ku-lipoic acid zisetshenziselwa ukukhiqiza umanyolo oqukethe isibabule esiningi, njenge-ammonium sulfate.

 

 

Umthelela wemvelo we-lipoic acid

 

Ukukhishwa kwamanzi angcolile: Kwezinye izinqubo zezimboni, i-lipoic acid kanye nokuphuma kwayo kungase kusetshenziswe njengama-reactants, okuholela ekukhiqizeni amanzi angcolile aqukethe i-lipoic acid. Uma la manzi angcolile engaphathwa kahle futhi akhishelwe emanzini, angabangela ukungcoliswa okuthile endaweni yamanzi.

Ukukhishwa kwegesi ephumayo: Kwezinye izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kungase kube nokuphuma kwegesi ephumayo ye-lipoic acid. Ama-sulfide noma amanye ama-organic sulfur compounds ku-sulfuric acid waste gas, uma engaphathwa kahle, angase abe nomthelela othile endaweni yomoya, njengokuholela ekungcoleni komoya.

Ukungcoliswa komhlabathi: Kwezinye izimo, ukukhiqizwa noma ukusetshenziswa kwe-lipoic acid kungase kubangele udoti noma izinsalela ezine-lipoic acid zingene emhlabathini, okuholela ekungcoleni komhlaba. Lokhu kungase kuthinte i-ecosystem yomhlabathi nokukhula kwezitshalo.

I-Ecotoxicity: Uma ukugcwala kwe-lipoic acid noma okuphuma kuyo endaweni kuphezulu, kungase kube nemiphumela enobuthi kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Lokhu kungase kuhlanganise izinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, izitshalo, namanye amagciwane.

 

 

Imithombo yokudla neyokudla

 

I-Garlic: I-garlic ingenye yemithombo ebalulekile ye-lipoic acid. Izinhlanganisela ze-Sulfhydryl ku-garlic, njenge-allicin, ziqukethe isakhiwo se-lipoic acid futhi zine-antioxidant nezinye izinto eziphilayo.

U-anyanisi: U-anyanisi ubuye abe nezinto ezifana ne-lipoic acid, okuwuhlobo lwenhlanganisela ye-thiol. Ukusetshenziswa kuka-anyanisi ekudleni kunganikeza izinzuzo ezihlobene ne-lipoic acid.

I-Chives: I-Chives iyimifino ecebile ku-lipoic acid. Iqukethe ezinye izinhlanganisela ze-thiol ezifana nesweli no-anyanisi, ezisiza ekunikezeni izinzuzo ze-lipoic acid.

Ukwatapheya (ukwatapheya): Ukwatapheya okunye ukudla okuqukethe i-lipoic acid. Iqukethe ama-organic sulfur compounds asiza ukuhlinzeka nge-lipoic acid edingekayo ukuze kugcinwe izinga elinempilo emzimbeni.

I-cod nokunye ukudla kwasolwandle: Okunye ukudla kwasolwandle, ikakhulukazi i-cod, nakho kuqukethe i-lipoic acid. I-lipoic acid eku-cod isiza ukusekela uhlelo lwe-antioxidant lomzimba.

 

Izincomo zokudla zihlanganisa

 

Ukudla okuhlukahlukene: Yidla ukudla okunemithombo ehlukene ye-octanoic acid ene-sulphur, efana nogalikhi, u-anyanisi, ama-chives, ukwatapheya, ne-cod, ukuze uqinisekise ukufinyelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezakhamzimba.

Ukupheka okusesilinganisweni: Okunye ukudla okunesulfure kanye ne-octanoic acid kungase kulahlekelwe izakhi ezithile ngesikhathi sokupheka. Ukupheka okusesilinganisweni, njengokushiswa ngesitimu esincane noma ukudla okuluhlaza, kuyasiza ekulondolozeni ukondleka kwakho.

Inhlanganisela yokudla enengqondo: Ngokuqinisekisa ukudla okwanele kwemifino, izithelo, nokudla kwasolwandle ngokuhlanganiswa kokudla okunengqondo, kusiza ukuhlinzeka nge-lipoic acid eyanele.

 

 

Izithako kanye ne-lipoic acid

 

I-Lipoic acid ngokuvamile ayithengiswa njengesengezo sokudla esizimele ngoba ayisona isakhi esibalulekile emzimbeni womuntu. Kodwa-ke, ama-organic sulfur compounds ahlobene ne-lipoic acid, njenge-thiosulfate noma i-thiopropionic acid, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-α-Lipoic acid, ngezinye izikhathi esetshenziswa njengesengezo. Lezi zinhlanganisela zesulfure eziphilayo zingase zibe nemisebenzi ethile ekhethekile yebhayoloji, ngakho-ke kwezinye izimo ezithile, zidayiswa njengezithasiselo.

I-α- Lipoic acid (mercaptopropionic acid): Lokhu kuphuma ku-lipoic acid, esetshenziswa kabanzi njengesithasiselo sokudla. Kukholakala ukuthi inezindawo zokulwa ne-antioxidant futhi ingasekela uhlelo lokuzivikela komzimba olulwa ne-antioxidant. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-mercaptopropionic acid nayo iye yacutshungulwa njengokwelashwa kwe-adjuvant kwezinye izifo ze-metabolic.

I-Thiamine disulfide: Lokhu kuphuma ku-lipoic acid, evame ukusetshenziswa njengesithako sikavithamini B1 (i-lipoic acid ingenye yamavithamini B). I-Thiosulfuric acid ingasetshenziswa njengesengezo kwezinye izimo ukwelapha ukuntula kwe-vitamin B1.

 

 

Ucwaningo nge-lipoic acid

 

Izakhiwo ze-Antioxidant: Ucwaningo oluningi lugxile kuzakhiwo ze-lipoic acid njenge-antioxidant. Abacwaningi bafunda ukuthi kusiza kanjani ukunciphisa ama-radicals mahhala futhi kubambezele ukulimala kwengcindezi ye-oxidative kumaseli nezicubu.

Ukugoqa amaprotheni nokuzinza: Ngenxa yokubandakanyeka kwe-lipoic acid ekugoqeni amaprotheni kanye nokuzinza emangqamuzaneni, abacwaningi bazibophezele ekuqondeni indima yayo ku-protein biosynthesis nokuthi ingaba yini imiphumela yokwelapha ngokulawula ukwakheka kwamaprotheni ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile zesifo.

Izicelo zezokwelapha: Ezinye izifundo zigxile ekusetshenzisweni kwezokwelapha kwe-lipoic acid, okuhlanganisa nemiphumela yayo engaba khona ekwelapheni izifo ezithile noma njenge-adjuvant therapy. Isibonelo, ucwaningo ngesifo sikashukela, izifo zesimiso sezinzwa kanye nezifo zenhliziyo.

Ukwakheka kwe-organic kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali: I-Lipoic acid kanye nokuphuma kwayo kunezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza emkhakheni we-organic synthesis kanye namakhemikhali, futhi abacwaningi bazibophezele ekwakheni izindlela ezintsha zokuhlanganisa, ama-catalysts, kanye nokusabela.

Umthelela wendawo: Olunye ucwaningo lugxile kumthelela we-lipoic acid endaweni ezungezile, ikakhulukazi imithelela yayo yemvelo engaba khona ekukhiqizweni kwezimboni nokulahlwa kukadoti.

Ucwaningo lwezokudla okunomsoco: Abacwaningi emkhakheni wokudla okunomsoco bakhathazekile ngokuba khona kwe-lipoic acid ekudleni kanye nezinzuzo zayo ezingaba khona empilweni yomuntu. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ucwaningo ngokuqukethwe kwe-lipoic acid ekudleni kanye nomthelela wokudla okudlayo empilweni.

 

 

Izinyathelo zokuphepha ze-lipoic acid

 

Ukusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa: Uma usebenzisa imithi noma uthola ukwelashwa, sicela uthintane nodokotela ukuze uthole iseluleko ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izithasiselo ze-lipoic acid. I-Lipoic acid ingasebenzisana nezidakamizwa ezithile, ithinte ukumuncwa kwayo noma imetabolism.

Ukungezwani nokungezwani komzimba: Abantu bangase bangezwani ne-lipoic acid noma okuphuma kuyo. Uma uhlangabezana nokungezwani komzimba okufana nokuqubuka kwesikhumba, ukuphefumula kanzima, njll., sicela uyeke ukusebenzisa ngokushesha futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha.

Abesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo: Okwamanje abukho ubufakazi obanele bocwaningo ukuze kutholwe ukuphepha kwezithasiselo ze-lipoic acid zezingane noma izinsana. Kulezi zimo, kungcono ukuyisebenzisa ngaphansi kweseluleko sikadokotela.

Amakhambi Nezithako: Uma usebenzisa amanye amakhambi noma izithasiselo, ikakhulukazi imikhiqizo equkethe i-lipoic acid noma okuphuma ku-lipoic acid, sicela unake inani eliphelele lokudla ukuze ugweme ukweqa umthamo onconyiwe.

Izinkinga zokusebenza kwezinso: Olunye ucwaningo luphakamisa ukuthi i-lipoic acid ingadala izinkinga kwezinye iziguli ezinesifo sezinso. Uma kunezinkinga zezinso noma izifo ezingamahlalakhona, sicela uthintane neseluleko sikadokotela ngaphambi kokusebenzisa izithasiselo ze-lipoic acid.

 

 

Ukuhlaziywa okuqhathanisayo kwe-lipoic acid nezinye izinhlanganisela zesibabule

 

I-Mercaptopropionic acid (i-lipoic acid) ne-mercaptomalonic acid:

Ukufana: I-Mercaptopropionic acid ne-mercaptomalonic acid zombili ziqukethe amaqembu e-thiol (amaqembu e-sulfhydryl), anezinga elithile lokunciphisa kanye nomsebenzi.

Umehluko: Umehluko usebukhoneni bamaqembu amabili we-thiol ku-mercaptomalonic acid. Lokhu kwenza i-mercaptomalonic acid ibonise izakhiwo ezihlukene kanye nekhono lokunciphisa elinamandla kokunye ukusabela kwebhayoloji namakhemikhali.

Ama-Mercaptans nama-thioethers:

Ukufana: Kokubili i-lipoic acid ne-mercaptan iqukethe ama-athomu esibabule futhi ayingxenye yenhlanganisela ye-organic equkethe isulfure.

Umehluko: Iqembu le-thiol ku-lipoic acid liyinika umsebenzi othile futhi lingabamba iqhaza ekugoqeni amaprotheni kanye nokuzinza. I-Thiols, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iwuhlobo lwenhlanganisela evame ukusetshenziswa ekuphenduleni kwe-redox ezintweni eziphilayo, kodwa ayijwayele ukwenza izibopho ze-disulfide njengamaqembu e-thiol.

Ama-sulfate nama-thioketones:

Ukufana: Ama-sulfate nama-thioketones womabili aqukethe izakhi zesulfure.

Umehluko: Isulfure kuma-sulfate ivamise ukuba khona ngendlela ekhokhiswe kabi, njengama-ion e-sulfate (SO ₄) ² ⁻). I-Thione, ngakolunye uhlangothi, iqukethe iqembu le-thioone eliqukethe umoya-mpilo futhi livame ukusetshenziswa ekuhlanganiseni okuthile kwe-organic kanye nokwakhiwa kwezidakamizwa.

I-Mercaptan ne-hydrogen sulfide:

Ukufana: Kokubili i-mercaptan ne-hydrogen sulfide iqukethe izakhi zesulfure.

Umehluko: I-Mercaptans yizinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziqukethe - amaqembu asebenzayo we-OH, kuyilapho i-hydrogen sulfide iyinhlanganisela yesulfure engaphili. IHydrogen sulfide iyigesi, kuyilapho i-mercaptan ingaba uketshezi noma eqinile.

 

 

isifinyezo

 

I-Lipoic acid iyinhlanganisela yesulfure ephilayo equkethe amaqembu e-thiol, esebenza ezibalulekile emikhakheni efana nebhayoloji, imithi, imboni kanye nekhemistri. Okulandelayo isifinyezo sezici eziyinhloko kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-lipoic acid:

Izakhiwo zamakhemikhali: I-Lipoic acid iqukethe ukwakheka kweqembu le-thiol, elinikeza ukusebenza kabusha okuphezulu. Lokhu kwenza i-lipoic acid ibe yindawo ebalulekile ekuhlanganiseni kwe-organic kanye nokusabela kwamakhemikhali.

Izici zebhayoloji: I-Lipoic acid ibamba iqhaza ekugoqeni amaprotheni nasekuzinzeni kwezinto eziphilayo, futhi idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni ukwakheka nokusebenza kwamaseli.

Izakhiwo ze-Antioxidant: Njenge-antioxidant, i-lipoic acid isiza ekwehliseni amandla ama-radicals mahhala futhi ibambezele ukulimala kwengcindezi ye-oxidative kumaseli, ngaleyo ndlela ibe nemiphumela engaba khona ekulweni nokuguga kanye nempilo ye-antioxidant.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezokwelapha: ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi i-lipoic acid ingase ibambe iqhaza elikhulu ekwelapheni nasekwelashweni kwe-adjuvant kwezinye izifo, njengesifo sikashukela, izifo zesistimu yezinzwa kanye nezifo zenhliziyo.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezimboni: Emkhakheni wezimboni, i-lipoic acid isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge-ejenti exhumanisa irabha, i-intermediate in organic synthesis, kanye ne-catalyst yokusabela okuthile kwamakhemikhali.

Imithombo yokudla: I-garlic, u-anyanisi, i-chives, ukwatapheya, nokunye ukudla kuqukethe i-lipoic acid, engadliwa ngokulinganisela ngokudla okuhlukahlukene.

Izinyathelo zokuphepha: Lapho usebenzisa izithasiselo ze-lipoic acid, kufanele kuqashelwe izindaba zokuphepha ezifana nokusebenzisana kwezidakamizwa, ukungezwani komzimba, ukusetshenziswa kwabesifazane abakhulelwe nabancelisayo, kanye nezinkinga zokusebenza kwezinso.

Sekukonke, i-lipoic acid idlala indima ebalulekile emikhakheni eminingi, kusukela ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali kuya emisebenzini yebhayoloji, kuya kwezokwelapha nezimboni, okubonisa ukusetshenziswa kwayo okuhlukahlukene okungenzeka. Lapho usebenzisa i-lipoic acid, kufanele ikhethwe ngokucophelela ngokuya ngezimo ezithile futhi isetshenziswe ngokunengqondo ngaphansi kweseluleko sikadokotela.