Ukubuka: 11 Umbhali: Isikhathi Sokushicilela Isihleli Sesayithi: 2024-04-03 Umsuka: Isayithi
Ukubaluleka Kocwaningo Lwesayensi
Emkhakheni wocwaningo lwesayensi, i-thiourea isetshenziswa kabanzi njengendawo emaphakathi ekuhlanganisweni kwezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene ngenxa yezimpawu zayo zesakhiwo nokusebenza kabusha. I-Thiourea ingabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene, njengokushintshwa kwe-nucleophilic, amidation, condensation, njll., ukuze kuhlanganiswe izinhlanganisela nemisebenzi ethile yebhayoloji. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-thiourea kanye nokuphuma kwayo kunezinhlelo eziningi zokusebenza ku-organic synthesis, isayensi yezinto zokwakha, i-chemistry yezemithi, neminye imikhakha, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwemithi emisha kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwemithi ekhona, enenani elibalulekile.
Ukubaluleka Embonini
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kubaluleke ngokulinganayo ekukhiqizeni izimboni. Isetshenziswa kakhulu njengomgqugquzeli we-vulcanization embonini yenjoloba, engasheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwenjoloba nama-ejenti asusayo, ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kwe-vulcanization, futhi ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise izakhiwo ezibonakalayo zemikhiqizo yenjoloba. I-Thiourea iphinde isetshenziswe kwezolimo njengomanyolo we-nitrogen kanye nesikhunta, esiza ukuthuthukisa isivuno nekhwalithi yezitshalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-thiourea nayo inezinhlelo zokusebenza ezibalulekile emikhakheni ye-elekthronikhi ye-electroplating efana nezixazululo ze-electroplating namabhodi wesekethe aphrintiwe embonini ye-elekthronikhi.
Ukubukeka: I-Thiourea ivamise ukubonakala njengekristale emhlophe kuya kokuphuzi ngokukhanyayo nokubukeka okucwebezelayo.
Iphuzu elincibilikayo: Indawo encibilikayo ye-thiourea icishe ibe ngu-182 ° C.
Indawo yokubilisa: Ibola ku-263 ° C ngaphandle kwendawo yokubilisa ecacile.
Ukuminyana okuhlobene: Ukuminyana okuhlobene kwe-thiourea (amanzi=1) cishe ku-1.41.
Ukunyibilika: I-Thiourea ine-solubility ephansi emanzini, kodwa ingancibilika emanzini ashisayo; Incibilika kalula ku-ethanol, inyibilika kancane ku-ether.
Ingcindezi ebucayi: Ingcindezi ebalulekile ye-thiourea ingu-8.23 MPa.
I-octanol/i-partition coefficient yamanzi iphakathi kuka--1.08 kanye -1.02, okubonisa ukuthi i-thiourea ine-hydrophilic kakhulu.
Iphoyinti elikhanyayo: I-Thiourea inephuzu elikhanyayo elingaphezu kuka-182 ° C, okubonisa ukuthi ayishi.
impahla yamakhemikhali
I-Chemical reactivity: I-Thiourea ingasabela ngezinto ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, njenge-hydrogen sulfide, i-calcium cyanamide, njll., ukuze yakhe i-thiourea.
I-Acidity: I-Thiourea iyinhlanganisela ene-asidi ebuthakathaka engasabela ngezisekelo ukuze yenze usawoti.
Ukuzinza kwe-thermal: I-Thiourea izinzile uma ishisa, kodwa ingase ibole emazingeni okushisa aphezulu.
I-Reductivity: I-Thiourea inokuncipha futhi inganciphisa iodine yamahhala ibe ama-ion e-iodide.
I-Tautomerism: I-Thiourea inezakhiwo ze-tautomerism, okusho ukuthi ingadlula ukudluliselwa kwe-proton phakathi kwama-athomu ayo e-amino nesulfure.
Imikhiqizo ebolayo: I-Thiourea ikhiqiza ama-sulfide nama-nitrogen oxide phakathi nokubola okushisayo, okuyingozi endaweni ezungezile.
Izinyathelo zokuphepha zokusebenza: Lapho kusetshenziswa i-thiourea, izinyathelo ezifanele zokuphepha kufanele zithathwe, njengokuvala, ukungena komoya wendawo, ukugqoka izingubo zokuzivikela namagilavu, njll.
Izinyathelo zosizo lokuqala: Ngemva kokuthinta isikhumba ne-thiourea, hlambulula kahle ngamanzi anensipho namanzi ngokushesha; Ngemuva kokuthintana kwamehlo, hlambulula ngamanzi agelezayo noma usawoti womzimba futhi ufune usizo lwezokwelapha; Ngemva kokuhogela i-thiourea, umuntu kufanele asheshe asuke endaweni yesehlakalo aye endaweni enomoya omusha futhi agcine indlela yokuphefumula ingavinjwa; Ngemva kokuphuza i-thiourea, umuntu kufanele aphuze amanzi afudumele anele, enze ukuhlanza, futhi afune usizo lwezokwelapha.
Izinyathelo zokulwa nomlilo: i-nitrogen oxide eyingozi kanye negesi ye-sulphur oxide ingase ikhiqizwe lapho i-thiourea isha. Amanzi, igwebu, isikhutha, isihlabathi nezinye izindlela zizosetshenziswa ukucisha umlilo.
I-Thiourea kanye nokuphuma kwayo, njengama-corrosion inhibitors, inohlu olubanzi lwezinhlelo zokusebenza ekwelashweni kwensimbi okulwa nokugqwala. Bangakwazi ukwakha ungqimba lwekhemikhali okukhangisa ngeziza ezisebenzayo endaweni yensimbi, ngaleyo ndlela bavimbele ukuthintana okuqondile phakathi kwendawo edlayo nensimbi, behlise ijubane noma bavimbele inqubo yokugqwala kwensimbi.
Indlela yokwenza: Ama-athomu esibabule ku-molecule ye-thiourea anomphumela obalulekile wokuhlanganisa, ongakha amabhondi amakhemikhali azinzile nama-ion ensimbi, akhe isendlalelo se-adsorption, futhi avimbele ukuguguleka kwemidiya egqwalayo.
Izindawo zokufaka isicelo: I-Thiourea kanye nokuphuma kwayo kusetshenziselwa ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwezinsimbi ezihlukahlukene njengensimbi, ithusi, i-aluminium, njll., ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezigqwalile ezifana nobunjiniyela bamakhemikhali nolwandle.
Enqubweni ye-electroplating yezinsimbi, i-thiourea kanye nokuphuma kwayo kungasebenza njengezithasiselo zokuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kwezimbozo.
Ukwenza ngcono ukusebenza kwe-coating: I-Thiourea ingathuthukisa ukucwebezela kanye nokufana kwento enamathelayo, ithuthukise ukunamathela nokugqwala kokunamathela.
Izinzuzo zemvelo: Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinqubo zendabuko ezifana nokufakwa kwe-chrome, inqubo ye-electroplating esebenzisa i-thiourea njengesithasiselo ihambisana nemvelo, inciphisa ukusetshenziswa nokuphuma kwezinsimbi ezisindayo eziyingozi.
I-Thiourea nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ekwelapheni kwendawo yensimbi nasezinqubweni zokupholisha.
Inqubo yokupholisha: I-Thiourea ingasetshenziswa njenge-ejenti yokupholisha ukuze kususwe imihuzuko emincane namaphutha endaweni yensimbi ngokusabela ngokomzimba noma kwamakhemikhali, ukuthuthukisa ukucwebezela kwendawo yensimbi.
Ukuguqulwa kobuso: I-Thiourea ingaphinda isetshenziselwe ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali kwezindawo zensimbi, ukuthuthukisa ukuguga nokubola kwezinsimbi ngokwenza ifilimu yokuvikela.
I-Thiourea ingasebenza njenge-ejenti yokushuka ephumelelayo enqubweni yokushukwa kwesikhumba. Ukushuka kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ekucutshungulweni kwesikhumba, okuguqula isikhumba sokuqala sesilwane sibe isikhumba esisebenzisekayo, okusinikeza ukuqina nokuthambile. Indima ye-thiourea enqubweni yokushuka ihlanganisa:
Umphumela wokuthambisa: I-Thiourea ingasiza ukuthambisa isikhumba, isenze sibe nezimo futhi kube lula ukusicubungula.
Ukuzinza: I-Thiourea isiza ukuzinzisa ukwakheka kwamaprotheni esikhumba, ithuthukise ukuqina kwayo kanye nokumelana nezinyembezi.
Umthelela we-antibacterial: I-Thiourea inezinto ezithile zokulwa namagciwane, ezingavimbela ukukhula kwama-microorganisms futhi andise impilo yesevisi yemikhiqizo yesikhumba.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea akukwazi nje ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zomzimba zesikhumba, kodwa futhi kuthuthukise ikhwalithi yokubukeka kwesikhumba:
Umbala ofanayo: I-Thiourea isiza ukusabalalisa ngokulinganayo umbala wesikhumba, okwenza umbala wesikhumba ube ngokwemvelo futhi ungaguquki.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokuthinta: Isikhumba esilashwe nge-thiourea sinokuthinta okuthambile, okuthuthukisa ukuthinta kwesikhumba nokunethezeka.
Ubuhle bokubukeka: I-Thiourea ingathuthukisa ukucwebezela kwesikhumba, yenze ukubukeka kwayo kube kuhle kakhulu.
Imboni yesikhumba ikhiqiza isamba esikhulu samanzi angcolile kanye nemfucuza ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, okunomthelela omkhulu emvelweni. Ukusetshenziswa kanye nezixazululo ze-thiourea ekuvikelweni kwemvelo zifaka:
Yehlisa ukusetshenziswa kukasawoti we-chromium: Izinqubo zokushukwa kwendabuko ngokuvamile zisebenzisa usawoti we-chromium, oyingozi emvelweni nempilo yomuntu. I-Thiourea, njengempahla yokushuka ehambisana nemvelo, inganciphisa ukusetshenziswa kosawoti we-chromium futhi inciphise umthelela wayo emvelweni.
Ukwelashwa kwamanzi angcolile: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea enqubweni yokushuka kunganciphisa okuqukethwe kwezinto eziyingozi emanzini angcolile, kube lula futhi kuthuthukise inqubo yokuhlanza amanzi angcolile.
Ukukhiqiza okuluhlaza: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kuhambisana nomqondo wokukhiqiza ngokuluhlaza futhi kusiza imboni yesikhumba ukuthi izuze intuthuko esimeme.
Embonini yenjoloba, i-thiourea isetshenziswa kakhulu njengomgqugquzeli we-vulcanization. Ingasheshisa ukusabela kwamakhemikhali phakathi kwenjoloba kanye ne-ejenti elimazayo, ngaleyo ndlela ifinyeze isikhathi se-vulcanization futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kungathuthukisa kakhulu ukunwebeka, ukumelana nokugqoka kanye nezindawo zokulwa nokuguga zenjoloba, kuyenze ifaneleke kakhulu ukukhiqizwa kwezimpahla ezahlukahlukene zezimboni nezabathengi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-thiourea ingabuye ithuthukise ukusebenza kokucubungula kwerabha, ikwenze kube lula ukubumba nokucubungula.
I-Thiourea, njengendawo emaphakathi ekwakhiweni kwezidakamizwa emkhakheni wezokwelapha, idlala indima ebalulekile ekuhlanganisweni kwezidakamizwa ezahlukahlukene. Ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-athomu esibabule asebenzayo namaqembu e-amino kuma-molecule e-thiourea, angabamba iqhaza ekuphenduleni kwamakhemikhali okuhlukahlukene njengokushintshwa kwe-nucleophilic, i-acylation, i-condensation, njll., ngaleyo ndlela ahlanganise izinhlanganisela nemisebenzi ethile yebhayoloji. I-Thiourea inezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ekuhlanganiseni izidakamizwa ezilwa ne-thyroid, izidakamizwa ze-antifungal, izidakamizwa ze-anti-tumor, njalonjalo.
I-Thiourea, njengomlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo emkhakheni wezolimo, inomphumela wokulawula ekukhuleni nasekuthuthukisweni kwezitshalo. Kungathinta yonke inqubo yokuphila kwezitshalo, okuhlanganisa ukukhula kwamangqamuzana, ukuhlukana, ukumila kwezimpande, ukuhluma, ukuqhakaza, ukuthela, ukuvuthwa, nokuchithwa. Ngokusebenzisa i-thiourea ngendlela enengqondo, inqubo yokukhula kwezitshalo ingalawulwa ngempumelelo, izuze isivuno esizinzile nesikhuphukayo, ithuthukise ikhwalithi, futhi ithuthukise ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwezitshalo. Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kudinga ukulandela ngokuqinile umthamo, isikhathi, kanye nendlela ekulebula ukugwema imiphumela emibi kwikhwalithi yezitshalo nempilo yabantu.
I-Thiourea ingase ibe nomthelela othile endaweni ezungezile ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa. Ukukhiqizwa kwe-thiourea kungase kukhiqize amanzi angcolile kanye negesi yokukhipha umoya, okuthi, uma ingaphathwanga kahle, ibangele ukungcoliswa kwamanzi nomoya. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhiqizo yokubola ye-thiourea ingase ihlanganise ama-sulfide nama-nitrogen oxides, ayingozi emvelweni futhi angaholela ekuguqulweni kwe-acidi yenhlabathi namanzi, ukulimala kwe-ecosystem, kanye nezinsongo ezingaba khona empilweni yomuntu.
Nakuba i-thiourea idala izingozi zemvelo ezingaba khona, umthelela wayo endaweni ezungezile ungancishiswa ngokuthatha izinyathelo ezifanele. Isibonelo, ukwenza ngcono izinqubo zokukhiqiza, kusetshenziswa izinto ezingavuthiwe ezingayingeni imvelo, ukusebenzisa izindinganiso eziqinile zokukhipha umoya kanye nezinyathelo zokwelapha kungasiza ekunciphiseni umthelela omubi wokukhiqizwa kwe-thiourea endaweni ezungezile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-thiourea inezingozi eziphansi zemvelo uma iqhathaniswa namanye amakhemikhali kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, ngakho ukusebenza kwayo sekukonke kanye nezinzuzo zemvelo kudinga ukucatshangelwa lapho kuhlolwa ubungane bayo bemvelo.
Ukuze kuncishiswe umthelela wezemvelo wokukhiqizwa kwe-thiourea, abacwaningi bebelokhu behlola izindlela eziningi zokuhlanganisa eziluhlaza. Lezi zindlela zihlose ukuthuthukisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa kwemikhiqizo eyingozi, kanye nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nokukhishwa kwekhabhoni. Isibonelo, 'indlela yebhodwe elilodwa' yokuhlanganiswa kwe-ethylenethiourea (ETU) ingenziwa endaweni enamanzi, ukugwema ukusetshenziswa kwezinyibilikisi eziphilayo kanye nokuzuza isivuno esiphezulu nokuhlanzeka kokuhlanganiswa komkhiqizo oqondiwe.
Ezolimo: I-Thiourea, njengomanyolo we-nitrogen, inikeza izakhi ze-nitrogen ezibalulekile ezitshalweni futhi ikhuthaza ukukhula kwezitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, iphinde ibe nomphumela we-bactericidal, osiza ukuvimbela nokulawula izifo zezitshalo nezinambuzane. Ngokugcizelelwa komhlaba wonke ekuvikelekeni kokudla kanye nezolimo ezisimeme, ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kwezolimo kulindeleke ukuthi kuqhubeke nokukhula.
Imboni yenjoloba: I-Thiourea, njengomgqugquzeli we-vulcanization embonini yenjoloba, isiza ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwemikhiqizo yenjoloba. Ngokukhula kwesidingo semikhiqizo yenjoloba, ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kulo mkhakha nakho kuzoqhubeka nokukhula.
Ukwelashwa kwensimbi: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala kwensimbi kusiza ukwandisa impilo yesevisi yezinto zensimbi nokunciphisa izindleko zokuyilungisa. Iqhutshwa yisidingo sezinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala ezimbonini ezifana nezokwakha, ezezimoto, kanye nezokundiza, amathemba emakethe e-thiourea ayathembisa.
Izindawo ezisafufusa ezifaka izicelo: Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea kwezemithi, eze-elekthronikhi, nakweminye imikhakha yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu nakho kuyanda njalo, kuhlinzeka ngamathuba amasha okukhula kwemakethe yayo.
Ukushintshashintsha kwentengo yezinto ezibonakalayo: Izindleko zokukhiqiza ze-thiourea zithintwa kakhulu amanani entengo yezinto ezingavuthiwe, futhi ukuguquguquka kwentengo kungase kuholele ezindlekweni zokukhiqiza ezingazinzile, kuphazamise ukuhlinzekwa kwemakethe.
Ukuncintisana kwemakethe: Kunezinga elithile lokuncintisana emakethe ye-thiourea, ikakhulukazi evela kubakhiqizi basekhaya nabangaphandle. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuthuthukisa ukuncintisana kwawo ngekhwalithi yomkhiqizo, ukusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe, ukumaketha, nezinye izici.
Imithethonqubo yezemvelo: Ngokuqiniswa kwemithethonqubo yezemvelo, izidingo zemvelo zokukhiqiza nokusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea ziya ngokuya ziba phezulu, futhi amabhizinisi adinga ukutshala izinsiza ezengeziwe ekubusweni kwemvelo nasekukhiqizeni okuthobelayo.
Ukuqamba okusha kwezobuchwepheshe: Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza i-thiourea okulethwa inqubekelaphambili yezobuchwepheshe kusiza ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo nokusebenza, ukwandisa ububanzi bokusebenza, futhi kukhuthaze ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe.
Izimo zemvelo: Ukwanda kokuqwashisa ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo kuholele ekwenyukeni kwesidingo samakhemikhali angangeni ndawo. Njengenhlanganisela evumelana nemvelo, i-thiourea kulindeleke ukuthi ithole amathuba emakethe amaningi ngenkathi ihlangabezana namazinga emvelo.
Ukunwetshwa kwemakethe yomhlaba wonke: Ngokuthuthuka kokudidiyelwa komnotho womhlaba, izimakethe zokukhiqiza nezisetshenziswayo ze-thiourea ziyakhula emhlabeni jikelele, zihlinzeka ngamathuba emakethe amasha kumabhizinisi e-thiourea.
Ukusetshenziswa kwe-thiourea ekucubungulweni kwensimbi nasembonini yesikhumba kubonise ukubaluleka kwayo okubalulekile njengekhemikhali enemisebenzi eminingi. Emkhakheni wokucubungula insimbi, i-thiourea, njenge-corrosion inhibitor ephumelelayo, ingavikela izinto zensimbi ekugqwaleni, yandise impilo yabo yesevisi, futhi ithuthukise ukusebenza kwezingubo ngesikhathi senqubo ye-electroplating. Embonini yesikhumba, i-thiourea ayikwazi nje ukuthuthukisa ikhwalithi nokubukeka kwesikhumba, kodwa futhi isebenze njengomlawuli wokukhula kwezitshalo ukukhuthaza ukukhula nokuthuthuka kwezitshalo. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, inomphumela we-bactericidal futhi isetshenziselwa ukuvimbela nokulawula izifo zezitshalo nezinambuzane.
Ngokuthuthuka kwesikhathi esizayo kwe-thiourea, umbono wemakethe unethemba. Ngokugcizelelwa okwandayo komhlaba wonke ekuvikelweni kwemvelo kanye nentuthuko esimeme, isidingo semakethe ye-thiourea, njengendawo evumelana nemvelo, kulindeleke ukuthi siqhubeke nokukhula. Ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe kuzokhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kokusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza kwe-thiourea kanye nokwanda kwezinkambu zokufaka izicelo, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni esafufusa njengemithi, i-electronics, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu. Khonamanjalo, ukuqiniswa kwemithethonqubo yezemvelo kuzothuthukisa inqubo yokukhiqiza i-thiourea futhi kunciphise umthelela wayo emvelweni.
Kodwa-ke, ukuthuthukiswa kwemakethe ye-thiourea nakho kubhekana nezinselelo ezinjengokushintshashintsha kwentengo yezinto ezingavuthiwe kanye nokuncintisana kwemakethe okuqinile. Amabhizinisi adinga ukuqhubeka ethuthukisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo, aqinise ukuqanjwa kabusha kwezobuchwepheshe, afune izindawo ezintsha zokufaka izicelo, ukuze alondoloze ukuncintisana nokubamba amathuba emakethe. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuqapha ngokucophelela imithethonqubo yenqubomgomo kanye nezinguquko ezifunwayo zemakethe, kanye nokulungisa kalula amasu ebhizinisi kuzosiza ukuzuza impumelelo emakethe ye-thiourea.
Kafushane, ukubaluleka kwe-thiourea ekucutshungulweni kwensimbi nasembonini yesikhumba kuyabonakala, futhi amathemba ayo okuthuthuka kwesikhathi esizayo abanzi. Ngokusungula izinto ezintsha zobuchwepheshe okuqhubekayo kanye nokwanda kwemakethe, i-thiourea kulindeleke ukuthi ithathe isikhundla esibaluleke kakhulu emakethe yamakhemikhali yomhlaba wonke futhi ibe negalelo ekufinyeleleni izinjongo zentuthuko esimeme.
